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HISTORICAL THEOLOGY: Two Volume Set
WILLIAM CUNNINGHAM (1805-1861)
These two volumes are derived from Dr. Cunningham’s lectures to his Church History class at New College, Edinburgh between 1847–1861. Cunningham’s living faith, devout submission to God, clarity of thought, and reverence for the authority of the Bible make him well-positioned to comment on the relationship between the church and its theology.
The history of the Church is a history of God’s interaction with his people; Cunningham tells that story through the history of its theology, chronicling the theological tension between law and grace, sin and forgiveness, and Christ’s first and second coming.
Volume one covers the biblical view of the church, the church councils and the apostolic fathers, the development of the church’s central doctrines—such as the incarnation and the Trinity—as well as the rise of scholasticism, the Reformation, and the Council of Trent.
Volume two documents the development of the doctrines of justification and the atonement and the Arminian and the Socinian controversies. He also devotes lengthy discussions to Presbyterianism, Congregationalism, and the Free Church of Scotland.
William Cunningham (1805-1861) was one of the remarkable galaxy of theologians who graced the Faculty of New College, Edinburgh in the early years, where he served as Professor of Church History, and, from 1847, as Principal.
VOLUME ONE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
William Cunningham’s Historical Theology—An Introduction by Donald John MacLean ix
Biographical Introduction of William Cunningham and James Bannerman by Iain H. Murray for the 1960 edition xvii
Preface xliii
INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER I.—The Church 9
I. Nature of the Church 9
II. Notes of the Church 21
III. Promises to the Church 27
IV. Different Theories of the History of the Church 36
CHAPTER II.—The Council of Jerusalem 45
I. Scripture Narrative 45
II. The Rule of Church Power 49
III. Authority of Church Officers 52
IV. The Place of Church Members 56
V. Subordination of Church Courts 61
VI. Obligation of Apostolic Practice 67
VII. Divine Right of a Form of Church Government 76
CHAPTER III.—The Apostles’ Creed 83
CHAPTER IV.—The Apostolic Fathers 99
I. Barnabas 100
II. Hermas 101
III. Clemens Romanus 102
IV. Polycarp 110
V. Epistle to Diognetus 112
VI. Ignatius 114
CHAPTER V.—The Heresies of the Apostolic Age 127
CHAPTER VI.—The Fathers of the Second and Third Centuries 141
I. Justin Martyr 141
II. Irenaeus 147
III. Clemens Alexandrinus 154
IV. Origen 162
V. Tertullian 167
VI. Cyprian 172
CHAPTER VII.—The Church of the First Two Centuries 181
I. The Doctrines of Grace 188
II. The Sufficiency of Scripture 193
III. Rights of the Christian People 199
IV. Idolatry 206
V. The Sacraments 212
VI. The Papal Supremacy 218
CHAPTER VIII.—The Constitution of the Church 239
I. Prelacy:—State of the Question 244
II. Prelacy:—Argument from Antiquity 257
CHAPTER IX.—The Doctrine of the Trinity 281
I. Testimony of the Early Church on the Trinity 281
II. Nicene Creed—Consubstantiality 294
III. Nicene Creed—the Eternal Sonship 309
IV. Nicene Creed—Procession of the Spirit 321
CHAPTER X.—The Person of Christ 323
I. The Eutychian Controversy 327
II. The Nestorian Controversy 332
CHAPTER XI.—The Pelagian Controversy 339
I. Historical Statement 342
II. Depravity—Original Sin 352
III. Conversion—Sovereign and Efficacious Grace 365
IV. Perseverance of the Saints 374
CHAPTER XII.—The Worship of Saints and Images 379
I. Historical Statement 381
II. Doctrinal Exposition 391
CHAPTER XIII.—The Civil and Ecclesiastical Authorities 411
I. Voluntaryism 411
II. Co-ordinate Authorities 415
III. Erastiansim 418
IV. Popish Theory 423
CHAPTER XIV.—Scholastic Theology 437
CHAPTER XV.—The Canon Law 451
CHAPTER XVI.—Witnesses for the Truth during the Middle Ages 467
I. Perpetuity and Visibility of the Church 474
II. Waldenses and Albigenses 479
CHAPTER XVII.—The Church at the Era of the Reformation 489
CHAPTER XVIII.—The Council of Trent 515
CHAPTER XIX.—The Doctrine of the Fall 529
I. Popish and Protestant Views 529
II. Guilt of Adam’s First Sin 535
III. The Want of Original Righteousness 550
IV. Corruption of Nature 563
V. Concupiscence 566
VI. Sinfulness of Works before Regeneration 578
VII. Sinfulness of Works after Regeneration 591
CHAPTER XX.—The Doctrine of the Will 605
I. The Will before and after the Fall 616
II. The Bondage of the Will 625
III. Bondage of the Will—Objections 628
IV. The Will in Regeneration 654
V. God’s Providence, and Man’s Sin 667
VOLUME TWO
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER XXI.—Justification 1
I. Popish and Protestant Views 10
II. Nature of Justification 33
III. Imputation of Christ’s Righteousness 48
IV. Justification by Faith Alone 60
V. Office of Faith in Justifying 73
VI. Objections to the Scriptural Doctrine 85
VII. The Forgiveness of Post-baptismal Sins 96
VIII. The Merit of Good Works 108
IX. Practical Tendency of the Popish Doctrine of Justification 119
CHAPTER XXII.—The Sacramental Principle 129
I. Sacramental Grace 129
II. Baptismal Regeneration 142
III. Popish View of the Lord’s Supper 151
IV. Infant Baptism 153
CHAPTER XXIII.—The Socinian Controversy 165
I. Origin of Socinianism 166
II. Socinian Views as to Scripture 170
III. Socinian System of Theology 178
IV. Original and Recent Socinianism 199
V. Distinctions of Persons in the Godhead 203
VI. Trinity and Unity 215
VII. Evidence for the Divinity of Christ 226
CHAPTER XXIV.—Doctrine of the Atonement 251
I. Connection between the Person and Work of Christ 251
II. Necessity of the Atonement 264
III. The Necessity and Nature of the Atonement 276
IV. Objections to the Doctrine of the Atonement 285
V. Scriptural Evidence for the Atonement 296
VI. Socinian View of the Atonement 311
VII. Arminian View of the Atonement 318
VIII. Extent of the Atonement 342
IX. Evidence as to the Extent of the Atonement 355
X. Extent of Atonement and Gospel Offer 363
XI. Extent of Atonement, and its Object 368
XII. Extent of the Atonement, and Calvinistic Principles 380
CHAPTER XXV.—The Arminian Controversy 393
I. Arminius and the Arminians 393
II. Synod of Dort 401
III. The Five Points 407
IV. Original Sin 409
V. Universal and Effectual Calling 417
VI. Efficacious and Irresistible Grace 429
VII. The Decrees of God 441
VIII. Predestination—State of the Question 456
IX. Predestination, and the Doctrine of the Fall 464
X. Predestination, and the Omniscience of God 466
XI. Predestination, and the Sovereignty of God 476
XII. Scripture Evidence for Predestination 485
XIII. Objections against Predestination 499
XIV. Perseverance of Saints 518
XV. Socinianism—Arminianism—Calvinism 530
CHAPTER XXVI.—Church Government 543
I. Presbyterianism 543
II. Testimony of the Reformers as to Presbyterianism 555
III. Popular Election of Office-bearers 564
IV. Congregationalism, or Independency 576
CHAPTER XXVII.—The Erastian Controversy 589
I. The Civil Magistrate and Religion 589
II. Erastus and the Erastians 602
III. Erastianism during the Seventeenth Century 610
IV. The Free Church of Scotland 617
INDEX 623
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TWO VOLUME HARDCOVER SET - NEWLY PUBLISHED SUMMER 2024
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